氣力輸(shu)(shu)送(song)的(de)應用(yong)已有100多年(nian)的(de)歷史，早(zao)在(zai)1853年(nian)郵局就用(yong)來(lai)(lai)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)信件，1883年(nian)港口用(yong)于裝(zhuang)卸糧(liang)食，到(dao)20世(shi)紀初開始用(yong)于工(gong)業生產。但作(zuo)為(wei)防塵的(de)一(yi)項技術措施，在(zai)車間內外用(yong)來(lai)(lai)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)型砂、煤粉、金屬粉末、化肥(fei)、水泥(ni)、糧(liang)食、棉(mian)花、煙葉等粉粒(li)狀和纖維狀物料(liao)，還(huan)是近幾(ji)十年(nian)的(de)事。目前，我國已有一(yi)些橡膠(jiao)廠(chang)，如蘇州橡膠(jiao)廠(chang)、無錫橡膠(jiao)三廠(chang)等開始使用(yong)帶有氣力輸(shu)(shu)送(song)裝(zhuang)置的(de)槽車運輸(shu)(shu)炭(tan)黑，并實現了炭(tan)黑從生產廠(chang)至使用(yong)單位的(de)炭(tan)黑貯料(liao)倉之間的(de)全(quan)部密閉輸(shu)(shu)送(song)。氣力輸(shu)(shu)送(song)把工(gong)藝改革與(yu)防塵工(gong)作(zuo)緊密結(jie)合起(qi)來(lai)(lai)，既促進了生產，又從根本上改善(shan)了勞動(dong)條件和生產環(huan)境。
氣力(li)輸(shu)送具有防(fang)塵效果好(hao);便(bian)于實現機械化(hua)(hua)、自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)，可(ke)(ke)減輕勞動(dong)強度，節省人力(li);在輸(shu)送過程中，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)同時(shi)進(jin)行多(duo)種工(gong)藝操(cao)作(zuo)，如(ru)混合、粉(fen)碎、分選、干燥、冷卻;防(fang)止物(wu)料(liao)受潮、污染或(huo)混入(ru)雜物(wu)等優點，因而在鑄造、冶(ye)金、化(hua)(hua)工(gong)、建材、糧食加工(gong)等部門(men)都得到應用(yong)。它的主要(yao)缺點是(shi)動(dong)力(li)消耗較(jiao)大(da);設備(主要(yao)是(shi)分離(li)器人口(kou))和管(guan)道(主要(yao)是(shi)彎頭)磨損較(jiao)快，如(ru)果設計(ji)、施(shi)工(gong)或(huo)運(yun)轉不當，則容(rong)易造成物(wu)料(liao)沉積，以(yi)致(zhi)堵(du)塞，使輸(shu)送中斷;不宜輸(shu)送濕(shi)度大(da)、黏性(xing)大(da)或(huo)易破碎的物(wu)料(liao)等。
氣力輸送系統的主要設備和部件氣力(li)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)系(xi)(xi)統一般由受料(liao)(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(如(ru)喉管(guan)、吸嘴、發送(song)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng))、輸(shu)(shu)送(song)管(guan)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)管(guan)、分(fen)離器(qi)(qi)(qi)(常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有容積式和旋(xuan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)式兩(liang)種(zhong))、鎖(suo)氣器(qi)(qi)(qi)(常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有翻板式和回轉式兩(liang)種(zhong)，既(ji)可(ke)作為(wei)喂料(liao)(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，又可(ke)作為(wei)卸料(liao)(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi))、除塵器(qi)(qi)(qi)和風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)(如(ru)離心式風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)、羅(luo)茨鼓(gu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)、水(shui)環(huan)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)泵(beng)、空(kong)(kong)壓(ya)機(ji)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)設備和部(bu)件(jian)組(zu)成。受料(liao)(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)進人(ren)物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，造成合(he)適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)料(liao)(liao)(liao)氣比，使物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)啟動、加速。分(fen)離器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)將物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)與空(kong)(kong)氣分(fen)離，并對物(wu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)進行分(fen)選。鎖(suo)氣器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)均勻供(gong)料(liao)(liao)(liao)或(huo)卸料(liao)(liao)(liao)，同(tong)時阻止空(kong)(kong)氣漏(lou)人(ren)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)為(wei)系(xi)(xi)統提供(gong)動力(li)。真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)吸送(song)系(xi)(xi)統常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高壓(ya)離心風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)或(huo)水(shui)環(huan)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)泵(beng);而(er)壓(ya)送(song)系(xi)(xi)統則需(xu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)羅(luo)茨鼓(gu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)或(huo)空(kong)(kong)壓(ya)機(ji)。
氣力輸送系統的類型和特點氣(qi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)根據工作(zuo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)不(bu)同，可(ke)以(yi)分為吸送(song)(song)(song)式(shi)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)送(song)(song)(song)式(shi)兩大類。吸送(song)(song)(song)式(shi)根據系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)度(du)，可(ke)分為低真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)度(du)小于9.8kPa)和(he)高真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)度(du)為40～60kPa)兩種。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)送(song)(song)(song)式(shi)根據系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，可(ke)分為高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)[壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)為(1～7)×105Pa]和(he)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)(li)在0.5×105Pa以(yi)下(xia))兩種。此(ci)外還有(you)(you)在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中既有(you)(you)吸送(song)(song)(song)又(you)有(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)送(song)(song)(song)的混合系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、封閉(bi)循環系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(空(kong)氣(qi)作(zuo)閉(bi)路循環，物(wu)料可(ke)全部(bu)回收(shou))和(he)脈沖氣(qi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。下(xia)面分別對(dui)低真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)吸送(song)(song)(song)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)脈沖氣(qi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)輸(shu)送(song)(song)(song)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)概略介紹(shao)。
1.低真(zhen)空吸(xi)送系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。這種系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是依靠風機的(de)(de)抽力，使(shi)整個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在(zai)負(fu)(fu)壓下工作(zuo)。系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)真(zhen)空度(du)較低，一(yi)般為6～8kPa。圖(tu)1為某鑄造車(che)間舊砂的(de)(de)低真(zhen)空吸(xi)送系(xi)統(tong)(tong)示(shi)意圖(tu)。由落(luo)砂機落(luo)下的(de)(de)舊砂，經(jing)篩分(fen)除(chu)去大的(de)(de)鐵塊及(ji)雜物(wu)，用皮帶機將舊砂送至磁選筒，除(chu)去鐵渣。在(zai)負(fu)(fu)壓作(zuo)用下，舊砂和空氣(qi)(qi)一(yi)起被吸(xi)入喉(hou)管(guan)。喉(hou)管(guan)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是接(jie)受物(wu)料(liao)(舊砂)，并吸(xi)入空氣(qi)(qi)使(shi)物(wu)料(liao)啟(qi)動、加速后(hou)送入輸料(liao)管(guan)，經(jing)輸料(liao)管(guan)進入分(fen)離(li)器(qi)。在(zai)分(fen)離(li)器(qi)中物(wu)料(liao)被分(fen)離(li)出來，落(luo)入貯料(liao)斗備(bei)用。含(han)塵(chen)氣(qi)(qi)體經(jing)除(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)凈化后(hou)，經(jing)風機排入大氣(qi)(qi)。
低(di)(di)真空(kong)吸送系統具有(you)設(she)備比(bi)較簡單，使用(yong)和維修簡便，適用(yong)于數處(chu)進料向一處(chu)輸送，吸料點(dian)處(chu)無粉塵飛揚，管道和設(she)備不(bu)嚴密(mi)處(chu)不(bu)會冒塵等優點(dian)。但是它的輸送距離短，生產率(輸料量)比(bi)較低(di)(di)。為了增大輸送距離和生產率，可以(yi)采用(yong)高真空(kong)吸送系統。
2.脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)氣(qi)力輸(shu)送(song)。以(yi)柱塞流(liu)(間斷流(liu))的形式輸(shu)送(song)物料的方法稱(cheng)為脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)氣(qi)力輸(shu)送(song)。
脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)力(li)輸(shu)送(song)是國外于20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)發展起來的(de)(de)一(yi)項新技術，我國于20世紀。70年(nian)代(dai)中開始引進。近(jin)年(nian)來已在化工(gong)、機械、建材、冶金(jin)、輕工(gong)等部門得到應用。其工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)原理(見圖2)是：被(bei)輸(shu)送(song)物(wu)(wu)料(liao)由(you)(you)料(liao)斗1進入壓(ya)(ya)(ya)送(song)罐(guan)2(罐(guan)內(nei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)約(yue)為(wei)60～220kPa)，在壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用下(xia)進入輸(shu)料(liao)管(guan)3。脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)過氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀4(氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)約(yue)為(wei)80～240kPa)進入管(guan)道。這樣，物(wu)(wu)料(liao)即被(bei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀分(fen)隔成不(bu)連續的(de)(de)固體流(liu)(柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)流(liu))而(er)被(bei)輸(shu)送(song)。物(wu)(wu)料(liao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)的(de)(de)長度可由(you)(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀的(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)來控(kong)制(zhi)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀間斷地向輸(shu)料(liao)管(guan)內(nei)通(tong)(tong)入空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，切割料(liao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，使之成為(wei)不(bu)連續的(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)流(liu)(即一(yi)段料(liao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)，一(yi)段氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai))，靠氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體靜壓(ya)(ya)(ya)推動輸(shu)送(song)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)刀是一(yi)種由(you)(you)電磁閥控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)閥門，電磁閥由(you)(you)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號發生(sheng)器控(kong)制(zhi)，按(an)所需的(de)(de)啟閉時間作(zuo)(zuo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)送(song)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，使由(you)(you)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)送(song)罐(guan)下(xia)來的(de)(de)粉粒狀(zhuang)物(wu)(wu)料(liao)被(bei)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)割刀切成相同(tong)長度的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)料(liao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)。
脈沖氣力輸(shu)(shu)送系統由于具有(you)生產率高(料(liao)氣比M可(ke)達(da)30～300)，輸(shu)(shu)送距離(li)長(可(ke)達(da)500m)，耗氣量少，輸(shu)(shu)送風速低(一(yi)般(ban)只有(you)1～2m/s)，管道磨損(sun)少，輸(shu)(shu)送過程中物料(liao)不(bu)易破(po)碎，能耗較低等(deng)優點(dian)，因而是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)很有(you)發(fa)展(zhan)前途的氣力輸(shu)(shu)送方式。
又稱氣流(liu)(liu)輸(shu)送(song)(song)。利用氣流(liu)(liu)的(de)能量，在密閉管道(dao)內沿氣流(liu)(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)輸(shu)送(song)(song)顆粒(li)狀(zhuang)物料，是流(liu)(liu)態化技術的(de)一種具體應用。氣力輸(shu)送(song)(song)裝(zhuang)置的(de)結構簡單，操(cao)作(zuo)方(fang)便，可(ke)作(zuo)水平(ping)的(de)、垂(chui)直的(de)或傾斜方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)輸(shu)送(song)(song)，在輸(shu)送(song)(song)過程中還可(ke)同時(shi)進(jin)行物料的(de)加熱、冷卻(que)、干燥和氣流(liu)(liu)分級等物理操(cao)作(zuo)或某些化學操(cao)作(zuo)。與機械輸(shu)送(song)(song)相比，此法能量消耗較(jiao)大，顆粒(li)易受(shou)破損，設備也(ye)易受(shou)磨蝕。含(han)水量多、有粘附(fu)性或在高(gao)速運動時(shi)易產生靜電的(de)物料，不宜于(yu)進(jin)行氣力輸(shu)送(song)(song)。
根據(ju)顆(ke)粒在輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)管(guan)道(dao)中的(de)密集程(cheng)(cheng)度，氣(qi)(qi)力(li)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)分為：(1)稀(xi)相輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)。固體(ti)含量低(di)于100kg/m3或固氣(qi)(qi)比(bi)(bi)(固體(ti)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)量與(yu)相應(ying)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)用量的(de)質量流(liu)率比(bi)(bi))為0.1～25的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)過程(cheng)(cheng)：操(cao)作氣(qi)(qi)速較高(gao)(約18～30m/s);(2)密相輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)。固體(ti)含量高(gao)于100kg/m3或固氣(qi)(qi)比(bi)(bi)大于25的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)過程(cheng)(cheng)。操(cao)作氣(qi)(qi)逮較低(di)，用較高(gao)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)壓壓送(song)(song)。密相輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)的(de)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)送(song)(song)能力(li)大，可壓送(song)(song)較長距離，物料(liao)破損(sun)和(he)設備磨損(sun)較小，能耗也較省。
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